1. The Universe has four dimensions (three spatial and one temporal) and is statistically isotropic with respect to them.
2. None of the four dimensions of the Universe has either a beginning or an end.
3. The Universe consists of vacuum and matter.
4. The distribution of gamma-ray bursts indicates the existence of a “gravitational filter,” since lower-energy gamma waves lose energy more rapidly than higher-energy waves, causing the number of weak bursts to decline faster than the number of strong bursts. According to the general theory of relativity, lower-energy waves decay more rapidly in a gravitational field than high-energy waves. Such a distribution cannot be explained within the framework of the Big Bang theory.
5. The differences between the appearance of the “old” and “new” Universe result from:
- the gravitational filter;
- differences in the rate of energy loss in a gravitational field for waves of different wavelengths (energy);
- local curvatures of spacetime.
6. Matter is distributed uniformly throughout the Universe (spacetime is Euclidean), and local concentrations arise under the influence of gravity.
7. In thermodynamic terms, the Universe consists of two subsystems: an outer subsystem (the visible part) and an inner subsystem (the invisible part). The inner subsystem consists of black holes distributed uniformly (on large scales) throughout the outer subsystem. Maintaining thermal energy at a constant level relative to other forms of energy is possible through:
- the permanent collapse of fragments of the outer subsystem (the visible Universe) into parts of the inner subsystem (the invisible Universe, i.e. black holes);
- the one-way isolation between the subsystems (the region between black-hole matter and the event horizons);
- the continual return of parts of the inner subsystem to the outer subsystem in the form of black-hole explosions (ejections of Ambartsumian’s pre-stellar matter).
8. Statistically, the Universe is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The outer subsystem — of which we are a part — is also in thermodynamic equilibrium and has a temperature of 2.736 K. This is observed as the microwave background radiation.
9. Deviations in the spectrum of the microwave background radiation from the ideal Planck distribution for a perfect blackbody at 2.736 K result from the circulation of forms of energy between the subsystems of the Universe.
10. Matter within black holes is continuously heated by a temperature averaging 2.736 K. Until explosion occurs, it does not release heat because it is surrounded by a one-way adiabatic barrier.
11. The essence of the functioning of the Universe is gravity, determined by the presence of mass. Through gravity, mass circulates between the subsystems of the Universe. Gravity causes the dissipation of energy in the outer subsystem through a statistically continuous process occurring at a constant level. The inner subsystem — the totality of black holes — releases matter in elementary form (Ambartsumian’s pre-stellar matter) through a statistically continuous process at the same level, thereby reconstructing ordered forms of energy from thermal energy. It therefore functions as a perpetual motion system of the second kind. Consequently, the Universe as a whole — both subsystems together — constitutes a perpetual motion machine of the first kind.
12. Part of the matter escapes from a spherical (non-rotating) supermassive black hole simultaneously in all directions, in the form of Ambartsumian’s pre-stellar matter, forming the central bulge of a spiral galaxy. The remaining matter collapses while rotating and forms a secondary black hole.
13. The rotating matter of the secondary black hole, intensely heated by the central bulge, crosses the event horizon in the equatorial plane (in the form of Ambartsumian’s pre-stellar matter) and forms the arms of the spiral galaxy.
14. The rotating matter of a massive black hole escapes in the form of Ambartsumian’s pre-stellar matter within the equatorial plane, forming the arms of a spiral galaxy without a central bulge.
15. Smaller black holes containing rotating matter give rise to dwarf elliptical galaxies. Their shape depends on the amount of energy received per unit mass within a given interval of time, as well as on the mass of the black hole.
16. Intermediate-sized black holes (the smallest massive black holes and the largest smaller black holes) may produce either spiral galaxies without central bulges or dwarf elliptical galaxies. The determining factor is the amount of energy received per unit mass per unit time.
17. Spiral galaxies form in irregular clusters because spherical black holes do not organise structures. Rotating galaxies interact gravitationally and form regular clusters.
18. Under the influence of gravity, matter circulates in a statistically closed cycle through the black hole, supergalaxy (a spiral galaxy together with its derivative galaxies, i.e. dwarf elliptical and irregular galaxies), lenticular galaxy, and massive elliptical galaxy.
19. Stephen Hawking’s hypothesis concerning black hole radiation is false.
20. Hubble’s law, insofar as it conditions galactic redshift on radial velocity, is false.
21. Bohdan Paczyński’s hypothesis concerning the observed distribution of gamma-ray bursts is false.
22. The Big Bang theory is false.
23. The percentage of mass within the individual forms of matter reflects the relative duration of existence of the matter in a given form in the Universe within the cycle.